UG Practical - Teacher's Manual - Department of Pharmacology ...

A MANUAL OF PRACTICAL EXERCISES IN PHARMACOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY
JAWAHARLAL INSTITUTE OF POSTGRADUATE
MEDICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH
PONDICHERRY 605 006
INDIA FIRST EDITION, JULY 1999 COMPILATION, EDITING & MAJOR CONTRIBUTION: B.GITANJALI
R.RAVEENDRAN
C.H.SHASHINDRAN THE IDEAS, INPUTS, COMMENTS, CRITICISMS AND CONTRIBUTION OF THE FOLLOWING
MEMBERS OF THE FACULTY, PAST AND PRESENT, DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY,
JIPMER, ARE GRATEFULLY ACKNOWLEDGED.
STEVEN DKHAR
S.RAMASWAMY
C.ADITHAN
D.G.SHEWADE
S.C.PRADHAN
K.R.ILAMATHI
HELEN CHOPRA
POPPY RAJAN
VASU.S
P.M.REDDY
TECHNICAL & SECRETARIAL ASSISTANCE SUNITHA T.T.
S.KAVITHA
M.DAMODARAN Correspondence: Dr. B. Gitanjali
Associate Professor
Dept. of Pharmacology
JIPMER
Pondicherry 605 006
email: batmanpy@md4.vsnl.net.in
CONTENTS
Preface
IV General Objectives of the course
V
LIST OF EXERCISES FOR PRACTICAL PHARMACOLOGY A. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY SECTION 1-20
1. Introduction to experimental pharmacology and pharmacy. Sources of
drugs. 1
2. Demonstration of common dosage forms
2 3. Sources of drug information
4 4. Animal ethics and good laboratory practice
5 5. Routes of administration of drugs
7 6. Study of absorption and excretion of drugs in man
10 7. Therapeutic drug monitoring
12 8. Adverse drug reaction monitoring
14 9. Prescription writing
17 10. Calculation of drug dosage and percentage solutions
19 B. EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY SECTION 21-33
11. Study of action of drugs on the rabbit's eye
21 12. Study of effect of drugs on ciliary movement of frog's oesophagus
23 13. Study of effect of drugs on frog's rectus muscle preparation
24 14. Effect of cardiac stimulants and depressants on perfused frog's heart
25 15. Effect of drugs on dog's blood pressure and respiration
27
- computer assisted learning (CAL) method
16. Evaluation of analgesics by chemical method
28 17. Effect of saline purgative on frog intestine and the
29
use of Oral Rehydration Solution 18. Preparation of solution for test dose of penicillin
31 19. Study of action of antidepressants on mice
32 20. Study of anorectic and locomotor activity of amphetamine
33
and fenfluramine
C. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY SECTION 34-59
21. Critical appraisal of drug advertisements
34 22. Effective doctor-patient communication
36 23. Essential drugs list
39 24. Informed consent for research on humans
41 25. Randomized Controlled Clinical trials
43
26. Medical ethics
45 27. Fixed dose drug combinations
47 28. General principles in the management of some common poisonings
48 29. Use of drugs in hepatic and renal failure, pregnancy and
49
lactation and in children
30. General principles of antimicrobial use
51 D. EVALUATION
55-61
OBJECTIVE STRUCTURED PRACTICAL EXAMINATION 55 Procedural stations for OSPE
56
Response stations for OSPE
61 E. APPENDICES
i-vii Appendix 1 : Sample form for therapeutic drug monitoring
i Appendix 2 : Sample form for ADR monitoring
ii Appendix 3 : Sample tables for statistical analysis of data of
iv
rabbit's eye experiment Appendix 4 : Sample form for informed consent
vi Appendix 5 : Choosing a statistical test
vii
ADDENDUM 1 - DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS viii Preface
This manual documents the lesson plans of the thirty exercises in
practical pharmacology scheduled for the third to fifth semesters of the
M.B.,B.S. course under the revised MCI curriculum (Regulations on Graduate
Medical Education, 1997). In planning these experiments, we have tried to
fulfill the objectives stated by the MCI in their document. In addition, we
have tried to introduce a varied number of teaching-learning techniques.
These include demonstrations, role-plays, field visits, video films,
Computer Assisted Learning, workshop modules, small group discussions,
experimentation, debates etc., A deliberate attempt has been made to impart
long lasting essential skills for a doctor such as rational prescribing,
analyzing drug advertisements, seeking unbiased drug information, assessing
randomized controlled clinical trials, communication skills, good
laboratory practice and ethical code of conduct. The psychomotor skills
that a student acquires after a training course in experimental
pharmacology may not be directly relevant to the future tasks that a
practising doctor has to undertake. Hence, throughout this manual, attempt
has been made to involve the learner in the development of intellectual
skills such as planning an experiment, critical analysis of scientific
documents, use of statistics for analysing and interpreting data and
scientific methods of documentation. Apart from this, some of the exercises
aim at development of effective communication skills with special reference
to doctor patient interaction during a consultation. The sessions are subdivided under three headings purely for manpower
and logistic reasons. The ten exercises under General Pharmacology were
conducted for the class as a whole since the material and equipment needed
for conducting these sessions were adequate to accommodate the entire
class. For the rest of the twenty exercises the class is divided into two
batches. While one batch is doing an exercise under Section B (Experimental
Pharmacology) the other does an exercise under Section C (Clinical
Pharmacology). This allows students to gain hands-on training in conducting
experiments on animals in small groups of four to six.
Twenty two exercises have so far been conducted for the present
batch. We do not intend printing a practical record/manual for students
since we believe it restricts our options to introduce changes at short
notice. The Objective Structured Practical Examination (OSPE) checklists of
the two sessional examinations conducted as a part of the internal
assessment have been included. Many of the experimental pharmacology
exercises are time-tested ones which have been in the curriculum for many
years. Users are welcome to share their views, experiences and innovations
with us. As observed earlier, this manual will be constantly modified and
regularly updated. Therefore, your ideas may find a place in the next
edition. We hope that this manual will serve as a matrix for other
departments to develop their own exercises to suit the facilities, staff -
student ratio, availability of animals, equipment and last but not least a
desire to change.
B. Gitanjali
R.Raveendran
C.H.Shashindran
July 1999
Pondicherry
GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE
At the end of the practical training in general, experimental and clinical
pharmacology the learner shall be able to:
1) List the various dosage forms and enumerate their advantages and
disadvantages. 2) Advise patients about the proper use of medication devices, storage of
med