speech sound production - Frostburg State University

SPEECH SOUND PRODUCTION 21
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------------------------------------------- Articulation
a. Diagram of articulators. Complete the following diagram of the
head by placing the number of the articulator, or other parts of the
speech mechanism listed below, in the correct place on the diagram.
Item Number 1, "Mandible (jaw)," has been indicated for you. FIGURE 3 1. Mandible (jaw) 7. Vocal cords 13. Alveolus (upper gumridge)
2. Tongue 8. Teeth 14. Esophagus
3. Velum (soft palate) 9. Pharynx (throat) 15. Nasal cavity
4. Glottis 10. Hard palate 16. Trachea (windpipe)
5. Labials (lips) 11. Uvula 17. Epiglottis
6. Oral cavity (mouth) 12. Larynx
b. Consonant quiz. Transcribe your last name into phonetic
symbols, and fill in the remaining blanks.
Name
_____________________________________________________________________
__
1. How many consonant sounds are there in your last name?
___________________________
2. List the consonants, using phonetic symbols:
_____________________________________
3. How many of these consonants are voiced?
_____________________________ Voiceless?
__________Oral? ______________ Nasal? _____________________With
strong resonance?
_________________ With little or no resonance? ____________________
4. How is each consonant in your last name articulated? F_1. Upper tooth contact lower lips.
p_2. Lips contact
s_3. Tongue tip is close to upper gumridge.
88 UNIT 2 3. Analyze the following sentences for voice and unvoicing pitfalls.
Underline the words of phrases that you think may give you
difficulty. Read these words and/or phrases aloud out of context:
apply any of the above drill step necessary, including a contrast
of the incorrect and correct forms. Then read each sentence aloud
without error. 1. When his father's business failed, he was forced to quit
college.
2. Words and phrases can change the destiny of nations. 3. Psychologists and public speakers talk about our wants,
desires, and needs. 4. A good anti-polio slogan is "Don't take chances! Wash your
children's hands! Give them their shots! Keep them out of
crowds!" 5. The President reviewed our missile program and asked Congress to
support it through increased revenues and taxes. 6. Children enjoy the Mother Goose rhyme: Pease porridge hot, pease porridge cold,
Pease porridge in the pot, nine days old.
Some like it hot, some like it cold,
Some like it in the pot, nine days old.
7. San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge and New York City's George
Washington Bridge are engineering masterpieces.
8. Because of geologists' study of rocks and glaciers, we have some
idea of the earth's age.
Oral Reading Turn to page 94. DEVIATION II: Sibilant and Affricate Distortions
Sibilant and affricate distortions of the type described below
usually require special and individual treatment; extensive relearning
procedures for such difficulties, therefore, are not included in this book.
The general introductory drills present below, however, can be
incorporated into most programs designed to help overcome a lisp or other
distortion described under Deviation II. STRIDENT SIBILANIS: Excessively sharp, near whistled, or whistled
sibilants, often produced because the tongue and possibly other parts of
the speech mechanism are too tense; or because the front part of the groove
of the tongue, near the tip, may be deeper than for normal sibilant
production. This fault is sometimes incorrectly referred to as a "sibilant
s": such a description is inaccurate since [s], [z], [f], and [3] are
sibilants.
2 SOUNDS UNDER STUDY: [t] [d] [n] [l] and [p] [b] [k] [g]
"To wait for what?"
"Till you know him better-till you consent."
"Don't tell him any such nonsense as that. I know him well
enough, and I shall never consent."
"But we can wait a long time," said poor Catherine, in a tone
which was meant to express the humblest conciliation, but which
had upon her father's nerves the effect of an iteration not
characterized by tact.
The Doctor answered, however, quietly enough: "Of course; you
can wait till I die, if you like." HENRY JAMES
Washington Square
DEVIATION II: Glottal Stop The glottal stop is a plosive sound made by bringing the vocal cords
firmly together and, at the same time, building up air pressure below the
cords. The sudden parting of the vocal cords results in the plosive sound
called the glottal stop, represented by the phonetic sound [?]. Although
the sound is heard when coughing and in such exclamations as "Uh! Uh!" [?(
?(] or "Oh! Oh!" [?ou ?ou], it is generally considered an undesirable
substitution when used in place of other plosives. The sound [t] is
frequently replaced by the glottal stop in substandard speech. Less
frequently, the glottal stop may replace [d] or one of the other plosives.
The following contextual conditions might lead to the use of
undesirable glottal stop in the place of [t]: 1. When [t] is final in a word (e.g., night, what, that, it).
2. When [t] occurs between two vowels and precedes an unstressed
syllable (e.g., better, later, city, meeting, that is). 3. When [t] precedes the syllabic consonant [l], [m], or [n].
(These sounds are syllabic when they are pronounced as
syllables without an accompanying vowel (e.g., little [lit|],
keep 'em [kipm], cotton [katn]. These words and phrases also
occur with a vowel (e.g., [litel], [kipem], [katen]). 4. When [t] occurs before a consonant or between two
consonants preceding an unstressed syllable (e.g0.,
atmosphere or ointment). ____________________________________________________________________________
_________
TO AVOID THE GLOLTTAL STOP, THE TONGUETIP MUST TOUCH THE
UPPER GUMRIDGE AND A TRUE [t] SOUND MUST BE PRODUCED. ____________________________________________________________________________
_________ 3
SOUNDS UNDER STUDY: [t] [d] [n] [l] and [p] [b] [k] [g] ____________________________________________________________________________
_________ TO AVOID DENTALIZATION, THE TONGUETIP MUST TOUCH THE UPPER GUMRIDGE.
_______________________________________________________________________
______________
[t] [d] [l] Wrong [t] [d] [l] Right
A B FIGURE 4
RELEARNING PROCEDURE Ear Training Listen to your instructor read the following word list. Whenever a
word is produced with dentalization, underscore the word. want belt hand sold quaint field sent fault bend called ant jailed can't bolt fond filled isn't pooled mint guilt earned held taunt spoiled
____________________________________________________________________________
_________
Preliminary Steps 1. Look into the mirror: open your mouth wise, and hold your chin
down (to prevent involuntary closing of the mouth). 2. Put the tongue tip on the upper gumridge. Be sure it is the
tip, not the front or undersurface.
4 62 Unit 1
The nasal [n] is a voiced sound. The tonguetip touches the upper
gumridge, and the sides of the tongue are tight against the upper teeth.
At the same time, the soft palate is lowered, and the sound is produced
with nasal resonance.
____________________________________________________________________________
_________ [n] Voiced, lingua-alveolar, nasal, continuant.
____________________________________________________________________________
_________ The lateral [l] is also a voiced sound. The tonguetip touches the
upper gumridege; and at the same time, the sides of the tongue drop,
allowing the air to be emitted laterally, in a steady stream, through the
oral cavity.
____________________________________________________________________________
_________ [l] Voiced, lingua-alveolar, nasal, continuant.
____________________________________________________________________________
_________
Like [t] - [d], the stop-plosives [p] - [b] and [k] - [g] are also
cognate pairs, with [p] and [k] as the voiceless sounds and [b] and [g] as
the voiced sounds. The cognates [p] and [b] are produced by building up
pressure behind the closed lips, suddenly opening the lips, releasing an
explosion-like sound orally. The cognates [k] and [g] are made in a
similar manner except that the air is initially blocked by the back of the
tongue against the soft palate.
____________________________________________________________________________
_________ [p] Voiceless, bilabial, oral, plosive. [b] Voiced, bilabial, oral, plosive. [k] Voiceless, lingua-velar, oral, plosive. [g] Voiced, lingua-velar, oral, plosive.
DEVIATION I: Dentalization
When [t], [d], [n], or [l] is