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[pic] [pic] Promoting Sustainable Energy Technology Transfers through the CDM: Converting from a Theoretical Concept to Practical Action Deliverable 2: Final Report ENTTRANS project EUROPEAN UNION SIXTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME Specific Support Action Project Acronym: ENTTRANS Project full title: The Potential of Transferring and
Implementing Sustainable Energy Technologies
through the Clean Development Mechanism of the
Kyoto Protocol Contract number: 022673 Duration: January 2006 - December 2007
Table of contents
Acronyms 5
Foreword 6
ENTTRANS consortium and advisors 8
1. Introduction 9
2. Methodology 13
3. The State of Play with the CDM 18
3.1. Introduction 18
3.2. The CDM pipeline 18
3.2.1. Overview of projects and countries 18
3.2.2. Position of ENTTRANS technologies in CDM pipeline and methodology
submissions 28
3.2.3. Project scale 30
3.3. CDM success factors 33
3.3.1. Forms of CDM and role of DNA 34
3.3.2. CDM technology implementation chain aspects 41
3.4. Key points from this Chapter 44
4. Assessing Countries' Energy Service Needs and Technologies 47
4.1. Technology needs assessment: experience and literature 47
4.2. Energy needs assessment approach applied by ENTTRANS 51
5. Energy Needs Assessments in Case Study Countries 56
5.1. Introduction 56
5.2. Chile 56
5.2.1. Country context 56
5.2.2. CDM profile 59
5.2.3. Energy Needs Assessment 60
5.3. China 62
5.3.1. Country context 62
5.3.2. CDM profile 66
5.3.3. Energy Needs Assessment 68
5.4. Israel 74
5.4.1. Country context 74
5.4.2. CDM profile 75
5.4.3. Energy Needs Assessment 77
5.5. Kenya 81
5.5.1. Country context 81
5.5.2. CDM profile 82
5.5.3. Energy needs assessment 84
5.6. Thailand 88
5.6.1. Country context 88
5.6.2. CDM profile 90
5.6.3. Energy Needs Assessment 93
5.7. Discussion and conclusions of a cross-country analysis 98
5.7.1. Energy service priorities 98
5.7.2. Priority technologies to meet energy service requirements 99
5.8. Exploration of different viewpoints in assessment of technological
preferences 100
5.9. Overall comparison of ESNA with EGTT procedures 101
5.10. Problems with assessment of preferred technologies 103
5.11. Conclusions and recommendations 105
Appendix 5-A 106
5-A.1. Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) 106
5-A.1.1. CSP within the country context of Chile 106
5-A.1.2. CSP potential in Chile: A simulation 107
5-A.2. Compact Fluorescent Lights (CFL) 109
5-A.2.1. CFL in the country context of Chile 109
5-A.2.2. CFL potential in Chile: A simulation 110
6. Technology Transfer Aspects: Mapping markets for technologies 113
6.1. Introduction to Technology transfer 113
6.1.1. What is technology transfer and what is really transferred?
113
6.1.2. Technology Transfer and Innovation 115
6.1.3. Technology transfer and economic growth 119
6.1.4. Summary of insights from the literature 120
6.2. Market mapping 121
6.2.1. The Market Mapping Technique 121
6.2.2. The market mapping process 123
6.3. Workshop results 124
6.3.1. Market mapping in co-operation with stakeholders 124
6.3.2. Opportunities identified from market mapping 138
6.3.3. Comparison of Barriers/Blockages 142
6.3.4. Summary of common blockages 145
6.3.5. Some differences for small compared to large-scale projects
146
6.3.6. Comparison of blockages for technology transfer from a range of
sources 147
6.3.7. Conclusions and Recommendations 149
6.3.8. Future steps 150
6.4. Workshop results for the CDM 150
6.5. Conclusions and Recommendations 151
7. Experience with Diffusion of Sustainable Energy Technologies within
the EU 156
7.1. EU programmes and policies to develop sustainable energy technologies
156
7.2. Barriers to technology implementation experienced in the EU 158
7.3. Technology diffusion mechanisms 160
7.4. Examples of technology innovation and implementation programmes
161
7.4.1. Success stories in the EU 161
7.4.2. Success stories in developing countries 163
7.5. Financial support systems and support programmes 165
8. Insights and Implications for Technology Transfer and the CDM 168
8.1. Summary of findings in ENTTRANS 168
8.1.1. CDM state of play 168
8.1.2 Technology transfer and the role of the CDM 170
8.1.3 Low carbon Technologies 171
8.1.4 Country market mapping for technology transfers 172
8.2. Recommendations for stimulating technology transfers and the CDM
172
8.2.1. Need for demonstration of reliability and practicality of
technology 173
8.2.2. Energy Service Needs Assessment and familiarisation programme
combined with TNA 173
8.2.3. Supporting Actions for successful technology transfer 175
8.2.4. Role of the CDM and Technology Transfer 177
8.3. Final Recommendation at International Level 179
References 180
Annex 1 - Questionnaire 187 Acronyms |AIT |Asian Institute for Technology |
|A/R |Afforestation /Reforestation |
|CC&D |Cambio Climático y Desarollo |
|CDM |Clean Development Mechanism |
|CDM EB |CDM Executive Board |
|CNG |Compressed natural gas |
|CO2 |Carbon dioxide |
|COP |Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC |
|COP/MOP |Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the |
| |Parties to the Kyoto Protocol |
|DNA |Designated National Authority |
|DOE |Designated Operational Entity |
|EDI |Energy Delta Institute |
|EPU-NTUA |National Technical University of Athens - Department of |
| |Electrical and Computer Engineering |
|ETAP |Environmental Technology Action Plan |
|EU |European Union |
|EU ETS |EU Emissions Trading Scheme |
|GHG |Greenhouse gas |
|ICTAF |Interdisciplinary Center for Technological Analysis and |
| |Forecasting |
|ITDG EA |Intermediate Technology Development Group East Africa |
|JIN |Foundation Joint Implementation Network |
|KUST |Kunming University of Science and Technology |
|NPV |Net Present Value |
|PCN |Project Concept Note |
|PDD |Project Design Document |
|PIN |Project Identification Note |
|PPC |Public Power Corporation S.A. |
|QELRC |Quantified emission limitation and reduction commitment |
|RES |Renewable Energy Sources |
|TNA |Technology Needs Assessment |
|UEDIN |University of Edinburgh |
|UNFCCC |United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |
Foreword This document is the final report of the study "The Potential of
Transferring and Implementing Sustainable Energy Technologies through the
Clean Development Mechanism" (acronym: ENTTRANS), which has been carried
out during 2006-2007 as a Specific Support for Policies Action under the EU
6th Framework Programme (contract: ENTTRANS SSA-022673). For this work an
international consortium was formed with ten partners (see ENTTRANS
consortium and advisors, below). The objective of ENTTRANS was to analyse how transfer of sustainable energy
technologies to developing countries could be supported through the Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol. The CDM has two
objectives. On the one hand, CDM projects are meant to assist
industrialised countries in achieving their Kyoto Protocol commitments in a
cost-effective manner, while on the other hand, projects should assist
developing countries in achieving sustainable development. A typical CDM
project would thus involve both a transfer of a low-carbon technology to a
developing country which is in accordance with its domestic needs and
priorities, and a transfer of Certified Emission Reductions to the
industrialised country that invests in the CDM project. The starting point
for the ENTTRANS study was the observation that in actual CDM practice most
attention has thus far been paid to the transfer of low-cost emission
reduction credits. In order to analyse how the CDM could address both transfers, the ENTTRANS
study assessed, for five potential CDM host countries, how the choice of a
technology in a CDM project could be based on developing countries' energy
service needs and priorities. Subsequently, a set of technologies could be
identified which would both address these needs and priorities, and
contribute to reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Aft