Verbal Ability Tips - G.Narayanamma Institute of Technology and ...

Grammar
|Contents |
|Introduction |
|The noun |
|The Pronoun |
|The Verb |
|The Adjective |
|Articles |
|The verbs |
|The preposition |
|The Conjunction |
|Interjection |
|Verbs-Tenses |
|Infinitive, Gerund and Participate |
|Active and Passive Voice |
|Degrees of Comparison |
|Concord |
|Direct and Indirect Speech |
|Phrase, Clause and Phrasal verbs |
|Idioms |
|Capital Letter and Punctuation |
|Correct Usages of certain Words and |
|Phrase |
|Common Errors and Sentence Correction |
























INTRODUCTION
Grammar Means putting the right words in the right place. Grammar enables
us to understand how a sentence is built. Usage of words, at random, does
not make sense. To frame sentences correctly we should have through
knowledge of the parts of Speech. Both in oral Communication and in written
communication, parts of speech Plays an important role. Effective
communication is possible only when we know how the Various Parts of speech
are used in different sentences .Besides the through Knowledge of Parts of
Speech, We Should also know the Right Usage of Article, Punctuation Marks,
idioms, phrasal Verbs etc. We must be able to distinguish Between a Phrase
and a clause. We should also acquire sufficient knowledge in different
types of clauses.
The Sentences:
A Sentence is a group of words which convey a complete idea. There are
four types of sentences. A Sentence can be:
. a statement
. a question
. a command or request/an entreaty or a wish.
. An- exclamation.
A Statement is called an Assertive Sentence or a Declaration Sentence. When
Sentence are used for asking questions, they are called Interrogative
Sentence. The Sentence which express requests, orders, advice, instruction
etc are called Imperative Sentences. Lastly those Sentences which express
strong emotion or felling of joy sorrow, sudden surprise etc are
called Exclamatory Sentence.
In every Sentence, there are two parts. One part is called the subject and
the other part is called the predicate. In short, subject of a Sentence
means the persons, the place, or the thing that performs an action or about
whom/which something is said. Predicate is the part explaining more about
the subject. Predicate includes Verbs and Other parts.
[pic]
Assertive sentence: An assertive sentence can be an affirmative sentence or
a negative sentence.
Ex: She is a Nurse. (Affirmative)
She is not a nurse (negative)
He likes Chocolates (affirmative)
He does not like Chocolates (negative)
Interrogative Sentences: An Interrogative Sentences is used for asking
questions. There are two types of question.
(a) "wh" Questions
Ex: What is your father?
Where are you going?
(b)"yes" or "no" questions or questions beginning with verbs.
Ex: Is it your book?
Did he come yesterday?
Have you completed the project work?
Imperative Sentences: Imperative Sentences express requests, order etc.
Ex: Close the door.
Consult a doctor.
Please lend me your bike.

Exclamatory Sentence: express sudden feelings the words of exclamation is
always followed by exclamation mark (!)
Ex: Hurrah! We have won the match.
Oh! The poor man is dead
Bravo! What a wonderful catch.

PARTS OF SPEECH:

All the communication skills, consulting of listening, speaking,
reading and writing, can be practiced only with words. The different types
of words used in the sentence are called parts of speech. Basically, there
are eight parts of speech they are the following:
. Noun
. Pronoun
. Verb
. Adjective
. Adverb
. Preposition
. Conjunction
. Interjection
THE NOUN
This part of speech is commonly called naming words. They name some
persons, certain places, some quality, some things or material and some
groups.
Nouns are divided into five Kinds:
Common nouns-: these noun refer to general names used commonly for places,
persons etc..
Ex: women, bus, country, city, solider
Proper nouns-: Names of particular places persons or things are called
Proper nouns.
Ex: Abhilash, Madhuri , India ,
Hyderabad .
Collective noun: When We Name groups, these names are called collective
noun.
Ex: a crowd, a bunch, a class, mob etc
Abstract nouns: These nouns indicate quality of a person, activity
condition, state, ideas or names expressing emotional process
etc... Ex: Kindness, cruelty, punctuality, love,
fear, generosity etc
Materials nouns: these are names of materials or things out of which some
other things or products are manufacture.
Ex: leather, wool, copper, silk, paper
etc
Note: Nouns (names) that can be counted are called Countable Nouns.
Ex: books---- books
girl-------girls
Nouns that cannot be counted are called uncountable nouns.
Ex: milk, oil, good, hatred etc.
Gender of Nouns
"Gender" refers to the sex of living things. All names referring to males
are called Masculine gender. Similarly, all names denoting females are
called feminine gender.
Ex: Man, Boy, Lion, actor etc
(Masculine gender).
Woman, girl, Lioness, address
etc (Feminine gender).
In animate objects or life-less objects are said to be in the
category Neuter gender.
Ex: books, stone, wall, building
etc...
Nouns or names:-That can be used for both males and females are
categorized as Common gender.
Ex: parents, teacher, engineer,
servant etc....,
Number of Nouns
All Countable nouns have two numbers,(a) Singular number (b) plural
number. Singular denotes "one". Plural denotes "more then one".
The following are some of the uncountable nouns which cannot form plural
Ex: Water, air, information, advice
etc...
The following are countable nouns which can form plurals:
Ex: Students, Pen, Book, Chair etc....
How Plurals are formed
(i) Plurals are formed in different ways some Plurals are formed by adding
"S" to the nouns.
Ex: girl-----girls
(ii) Other form their plural by adding "S" "SH" "CH""X" and "O" form their
plural by adding "ES"
Ex: Glass----Glasses, Brush----
Brushes, branch---branches, Box---Boxes, Tomato----tomatoes.
Exception to this rule:
Ox-----Oxen
Dynamo---Dynamos
Studio-----Studios
Radio ---- Radios
(III) Words ending in "f" or "fe' form their plural by changing "f" or "fe"
into "ves"
Ex: thief-------thieves, knife ----
knives, wife----wives , leaf---leaves.
exception to their rule:
Belief - beliefs, roof - roofs , chief - chiefs , safe - safes, proof -
proofs;
(IV) Plurals are also formed by changing that middle vowel.
Ex: man---men; tooth---teeth; foot---
feet; mouse---mice

(V) Some words which end in "y" preceded by consonant, change "Y" into
"ies" to form plural:
Ex: city-cities, story-stories, lady-
ladies, baby-babies.
(VI) Words ending in "y" proceeded by a vowel form their plural by adding
only "S" to the Singular.
Ex: Key---keys, Way----Ways, toy---
toys, day---days.
(VI) Compound nouns form their plurals by adding "S" to the main words.
Ex: brother-in-law---brothers-in-
law; lady-doctor-------lady-doctors; step-mother-step-mothers.
Plural of words which has foreign language origin:
Alumnus - alumni; Curriculum-Curricula ;medium-media;
Correct usages of nouns:
1. Material nouns are generally not used in the plural number. If at all
they are used, their meaning will change.
Ex: He is in irons. (He is in chains).
I gave that beggar some coppers. (Copper coins).
2. Possessive forms of nouns are formed by adding "S" after the words.
Ex: "this is Raju's book" but not "this is the book of
raju".
3. Collective nouns are followed by singular verbs.
Ex: the committee has taken this decision recently,
4. Usually articles (a, an, the) are not used with proper nouns. We do
not say, "the Prasad is coming tomorrow" however sometimes we use
article before the proper nouns, when comparisons are made.
Ex: Mumbai is called the Manchester of India.
5. Some nouns like, baggage, furniture, advice, information etc do not
take plural form.
The Pronoun
Words used instead of a noun are called pronouns.They are used to avoid
the repition of nouns and to make communication more pleasant.

Kinds of pronoun


2.refle