Tanker Familiarization Course - Seaworm

Tanker Familiarization Course
(IMO Model 1.01 2000 Edition)

The material is arranged under nine main headings:
1. Introduction
2. Characteristics of cargoes
3. Toxicity and other hazards
4. Hazard control
5. Safety equipment and protection personnel
6. Pollution prevention
7. Emergency operations
8. Cargo equipment
9. Cargo operations
The course material reflects the mandatory minimum requirements for
officers and ratings as specified in regulation V/1 of the International
Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for
Seafarers, 1995 (STCW 1995).
The texts used as reference throughout the course are:
International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals
Captain C. Baptist, Tanker Handbook for Deck Officers
International Chamber of Shipping, Tanker Safety Guide (Chemicals)
M. Grey, Chemical/Parcel Tankers
B. Bengtsson, Sea Transport of Liquid Chemicals in Bulk
ICS/OCIMF/IAPH/INTERTANKO/CEFIC/SIGTTO, Ship/Shore safety Check List
Guidelines
International Chamber of Shipping, Tanker Safety Guide (Liquefied Gas)
SIGTTO. Liquefied Gas Handling Principles on Ships and Terminals
R. Ffooks, Gas Carriers
T.W.V.Woolcott, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Tanker Practice
International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 (SOLAS
1974), as amended International Convention on Standards of Training,
Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW 1978/1995)
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships,
1973/78 (MARPOL)
Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil (Annex I of MARPOL)
Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substances
in Bulk (Annex II of MARPOL)
Regulations for the Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships (Annex VI
of MARPOL)
Medical First Aid Guide for Use in Accidents Involving Dangerous Goods
Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous
Chemicals in Bulk (BCH Code), as amended
International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships
Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (IBC Code), as amended
Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied
Gases in Bulk, as amended (GC Code)
International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships
Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk, as amended (IGC Code)
Guidelines for the Development of Shipboards Oil Pollution Emergency
Plans

And the booklets published by the International Chamber of Shipping:
Safety in Oil Tankers
Safety in Chemical Tankers
Safety in Liquefied Gas Tankers





1. INTRODUCTION


1. THE COURSE


1.1.1 This tanker familiarization course comprises three main parts. These
are the basic understanding of the characteristics of oils, chemicals and
liquefied gases; personnel safety and pollution prevention; and general
shipboard cargo-handling system.
The first part covers the proprieties and associated hazards related to the
cargoes.
The second part covers the means and measures to control the hazards and to
prevent pollution, for the protection of personnel and the environment.
The third part provides a general overview of cargo-handling equipment and
operations on board tankers.
1- The background for and the purpose of the course as:
-the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and
Watchkeeping for Seafarers, as amended in 1995 (STCW 1995), which contains
mandatory minimum requirements for training and qualifications of masters,
officers and ratings of tankers
2- this trtaining is divided into two levels:
level 1: a tanker familiarization course, or under an approved
seagoing service, for
officers and ratings assigned specific duties and responsibilities
related to cargo or cargo equipment on tankers;
level 2: a specialized (advanced) training programme for
masters, chief engineer
officers, chief mates, second engineer officers and any person with
immediate responsibility for loading, discharging and care in transit or
handling of cargo on oil tanker, chemical tanker or gas tanker on which
they serve
3- this course covers the requirements for level 1 training required
by STCW 1995, Reg. V/1(1.2)
Regulation V/1 STCW-95 Convention provides necessary background, but
general view of the requirements for training and qualifications of
personnel on tankers is illustrated with the next diagram:























STCW 95 training scheme for personnel on tankers


General Qualification
(STCW chapter I or II)







Approved shore-based fire-fighting course
(STCW regulation V/1, paragraph 1)



Approved tanker familiarization course At least 3 months'
approved
(STCW regulation V/1, paragraph 1) seagoing service on
tankers
(STCW regulation V/1,
paragraphs 1.1 and 1.3 to 1.6)




Experience appropriate to duties on tankers
(STCW regulation V/1, paragraph 2.1)




Specialized tanker training program
(STCW regulation V/1, paragraph 2.2)



Services in positions with the immediate
Responsibility for loading, discharging and
Care in the transit or handling of tanker cargo
(STCW regulation V/1, paragraph 2.1)


1.1.2 Personnel on tankers should at least have attended an approved shore-
based fire-fighting course and the training required by Reg. VI/1 of STCW
1995.

2. DEVELOPMENT OF TANKERS


1.2.1 Important stages in the development of tankers and oil shipping
- carriage of oil in barrels in conventional cargo ships
- construction of vessels to carry oil in bulk
- use of longitudinal divisions and transverse bulkhead to form tanks
- location of machinery aft
- increase in size to VLCCs and ULCCs
- transportation of liquefied gas and chemicals in bulk
- pollution problems and explosion/fire hazard leading to international
controls
- the development of SOLAS and MARPOL
- increasing use of training to improve safety and reduce pollution
- the STCW Convention and Chapter V of the Convention
- the development of double-hull tankers
- the implementation of the International safety Management (ISM) code


Important stages in the development of bulk chemical shipping
- sea transport of chemicals started with the chemical industries rapid
growth in the years after World War Two
- at first chemicals were transported in bottles or drums on dry cargo
ships; larger quantities were shipped in bulk in the deep tanks on
these ships
- as the world's demand for chemicals increased, the need for a new type
of seagoing ship became evident
- the first chemical tankers were converted war-built American oil
tankers (T2 tankers)
- conversion work usually included
adding bulkheads to provide more and smaller tanks
extending the line system
installing additional cargo pumps
- the first conversion of this type was done in 1948 on the R.E. Wilson,
of 9073 tons gross tonnage
- in addition to these converted, relatively big chemical carriers,
smaller tankers specially designed and constructed for the carriage of
"acids" - e.g. sulphuric acid, were built during the early 1950s, the
cargo tanks of which were made of special alloy steel, strengthened
for cargo densities up to 2.0 kg/1
- in order to carry chemicals of high purity and sensitive to
contamination, coating techniques were developed for cargo tanks of
mild steel
- the first real chemical tanker specially designed for the carriage of
liquid chemicals in bulk was the Norwegian M/T Lind, delivered in
1960; this was the first tanker equipped with stainless-steel cargo
tanks
- a modern chemical tanker has a large number of cargo tanks and is
designed for carriage of a wide variety of cargoes
- the cargo-tank section on these modern ships is normally divided into
some stainless steel tanks and some coated mild-steel tanks, each of
which is normally equipped with deepwell pumps and a separate piping
system.


Important stages in the development of liquefied gas shipping
- gas shipping began in the late 1920s
- the earliest ships were designed to carry liquefied gas in pressure
vessels at ambient temperature
- the first cargoes on the market were butane and propane
- development of refrigeration techniques and metals suitable for low
temperature made it possible to carry liquefied gas at temperature
lower then ambient
- around 1959, semi-pressurized ships entered the market and liquefied
gas was now transported under lower pressure, which was made possible
by lowering the temperature
- by 1963, fully refrigerated ships for LPG, LNG and certain chemical
gases (such as butadiene) were in service, carrying cargo at
atmospheric pressure.


3. TYPES OF CARGOES



Oil cargo

1.3.1 "Oil" means petroleum in any form, including crude oil, fuel oil,
sludge, oil refuse and refined products (Other then petrochemicals).
2. List of oils:

Asphalt solutions Gasoline blending
stocks

Blending stocks Alkylates -
fuel
Roofers flux Reformates
Straight run residue Polymer