urban wet-weather flows - unix.eng.ua.edu

July 20, 2006 Annotated Bibliography of Urban Wet Weather Flow Literature from 1996
through 2005
Shirley Clark
Environmental Engineering Program
School of Science, Engineering, and Technology
Pennsylvania State - Harrisburg
Middleton, PA Robert Pitt
Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering
University of Alabama
Tuscaloosa, AL Steve Burian
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, UT Richard Field and Evan Fan
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Wet-Weather Flow Program
Urban Watershed Management Branch
Water Supply & Water Resources Division
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
Edison, NJ James Heaney and Leonard Wright
Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering
University of Colorado
Boulder, CO
Abstract 4
Introduction 6
Characterization 6
General 6
Rainfall Monitoring and Urban Hydrology 8
Urban hydrology 10
Rainfall errors and flow forecasting 11
Urban Snowmelt 12
Stormwater Quality 13
Litter 17
Nutrients 17
Microorganisms 18
Toxicity 20
Heavy metals 20
Organic toxicants 23
Particle size/settling 25
CSOs and SSOs 27
Solids transport in sewers 29
In-sewer processes 29
Pollution Sources 30
General Sources 30
Atmospheric 33
Roof Runoff 35
Highway and other Roadway Runoff 37
Deicing Discharges and other Cold Weather Sources 40
Treated Wood 41
Wastewater, Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs), and Sanitary Sewer Overflow
(SSO) Sources 41
Inappropriate Discharges 43
Industrial Sources 43
Specific Pollutant Sources 45
Litter 45
Sediment 45
Nutrients 46
Bacteria 48
Toxicants 50
Heavy metals 51
Organic toxicants 54
Monitoring and Sampling 57
Rainfall and Flow Measurement 60
Toxicity Testing 65
Testing for Chemical Pollution and Pollution Tracers 68
Biological and Microbiological Testing 71
Surface-Water Impacts 73
General 73
Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen 76
Erosion, Channel Stability, and Sediment 76
Biological Impacts 78
Microbiological impacts 84
Chemical Impacts 86
Toxicity 90
Habitat Management and Restoration 92
Environmental Effects of CSO and SSO 95
Risk Assessment 97
Groundwater Impact 98
Planned groundwater recharge 100
Chemical groundwater impacts 101
Microbiological groundwater impacts 102
Decision-Support Systems 102
Numerical Models 102
Rainfall analyses 107
Rainfall - runoff modeling parameter estimation 107
Rainfall-runoff models and new programming tools 107
Water quality modeling and pollutant transport 109
Watershed model water balance 110
Model Applications 111
Rainfall variability and effects on modeling. 112
Rainfall-runoff quantity models. 115
Hydraulic models 127
Rainfall-runoff quality models. 128
Collection system, CSO and SSO models. 132
Modeling solids transport in sewers. 140
Pollutant sources and transport. 140
Models of controls. 141
Real-time control. 147
Optimization models. 149
Stochastic models. 151
Receiving water models. 151
Watershed evaluations 153
Watershed Management and TMDLs 158
Geographic-Information Systems (GIS) 166
Regulatory Policies and Financial Aspects 174
Policy 174
Reuse and Water Resources 183
Watershed Management 183
Effluent Trading and Water-Quality Planning 190
Permitting 194
Cost Analysis and Financing 199
Control and Treatment Technologies 206
General 206
Drainage Design and Hydraulics 207
Stormwater Treatment Practices 212
General stormwater control objectives and sustainable drainage design.
226
Stormwater treatment effectiveness. 227
Stormwater reuse. 230
Public education. 231
Public Works Practices 231
Catchbasins/grit traps 232
Litter/floatable control 233
Infiltration and Biofiltration, including Grass Swales and Grass Filter
Strips 234
Low Impact Development 234
Infiltration 235
Infiltration 237
Porous Pavement 241
Grass Swales. 243
Detention/Retention Ponds 243
General 243
Multiple drainage objectives and pond design conflicts. 247
Pond sizing. 248
Locating detention facilities in older areas. 249
Modeling pond performance. 249
Observed pond performance. 249
Problems observed with stormwater ponds. 251
Wetlands 252
General 252
Design guidelines. 258
Wetlands for CSO control. 258
Observed wetland performance. 258
Problems in wetlands. 259
Critical Source Area Controls 260
Filtration/sorption 262
Treatment train systems 265
Airport Deicer Control 266
Combined Sewer Overflow/Sanitary Sewer Overflow Control 267
General 267
Innovative CSO controls - source controls. 275
Sewerage repairs and I&I control.. 278
Public education. 282
Tunnels and interceptors. 283
Litter, floatables, and settled solids. 284
Real-time control (RTC). 286
CSO tunnels, storage tanks and structures. 289
CSO Treatment 292
SSO Control 302
Acknowledgements 303
References 303 Abstract This paper is a compilation of urban wet weather flow (WWF) literature
reviews for the ten years from 1996 through 2005. This subject, urban wet-
weather flows, is comprised of three basic subareas - combined-sewer
overflows (CSOs), sanitary-sewer overflows (SSOs), and stormwater
discharges. The following therefore includes literature citations and
reviews for each of these main subareas. These reviews were originally published in the annual literature review
issues of Water Environment Research. Many of these citations have been
expanded since the initial publications. Over this ten year period of time,
many people were involved in preparing these urban wet weather flow
reviews, associated with several universities and with the EPA's Wet-
Weather Flow Research Program. See the acknowledgements section for the
complete list of contributors. This paper re-organizes and combines these
individual reviews into a single document for easier use. Over this ten
year period, the field of urban wet weather flow research has expanded
dramatically, mostly due to increased interest in the US because of the
NPDES stormwater permit program, plus increased awareness of the
seriousness of urban WWFs throughout the world. About 5,500 references are
included in this ten-year compiled review, indicating the magnitude of
interest in this topic. In addition, the number of references for any year
generally greatly increased compared to the previous year. Another
indication of the increasing interest in urban WWFs is the large number of
specialized stormwater conferences that are now scheduled each year, plus
the increasing number of wet weather flow sessions at large international
conferences. Major conference proceedings related to wet-weather flows (WWF) published
during 2005 included: (1) WEFTEC 2005, 78th Annual Conference and
Exposition (WEF, 2005); (2) Effective Modeling of Urban Stormwater Systems,
Monograph 13 (CHI, 2005); and (3) 2005 Watershed Management Conference -
Managing Watersheds for Human and Natural Impacts (EWRI, 2005). In addition
to the conferences listed above, the 2005 Annual Conference of the American
Water Resources Association, EWRI's World Environment and Water Resources
Congress the 10th International Conference on Urban Drainage had
significant sessions on wet-weather flows. In addition, many regional
conferences also had significant sessions on wet-weather flow issues, such
as the 2005 Pennsylvania Stormwater Management Symposium. Major proceedings related to WWFs published during 2004 were: (1) WEFTEC
2004, 77th Annual Conference and Exposition (WEF, 2004); (2) Innovative
Modeling of Urban Stormwater Systems, Monograph 12 (CHI 2004); (3)
Watersheds 2004 Conference (WEF 2004); and (4) World Water and Environment
Congress of ASCE/EWRI (EWRI 2004). In addition to the conferences listed
above, the 2004 Annual Conference of the American Water Resources
Association and the Low-Impact Development Conference had significant
sessions on wet-weather flows. Major proceedings related to WWF published during 2003 included: (1)
WEFTEC, 2003, 76th Annual Conference and Exposition (WEF 2003); (2) Best
Modeling Practices for Urban Water Systems, Monograph 11 (CHI, 2003); (3)
WEF/CWEA Collection Systems, 2003 Conference (WEF, 2003); (4) 9th Annual
Industrial Wastes Technical and Regulatory Conference (WEF, 2003); and (5),
2003 National TMDL Science and Policy Conference (WEF, 2003). In addition
to the conferences listed above, the 2003 Annual Conference of the American
Water Resources Association and the Stormwater Management in Cold Climates
had significant sessions on wet-weather flows. However, no paper
proceedings were published by AWRA. Viklander et al. (2003) presented an
overview of the conference on urban drainage and highway runoff in cold
climates. Other papers at the conference addressed the implementation of
stormwater treatment practices for urban snowmelt and winter runoff
quality. Many of these conferences produced summary papers of what is known
and where t