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Peace and War
United States Foreign Policy
1931-1941
United States Government Printing Office WASHINGTON: 1943 DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLICATION 1983 For sale by the
Superintendent of Documents
Government Printing Office
Washington, D.C. Price, $2.00 (Cloth)
ii FOREWORD On January 2, 1943, the Department of State released a publication entitled
"Peace and War: United States Foreign Policy, 1931-1941", containing
references to a number of documents concerning the conduct of the foreign
relations of the United States during that ten-year period. It was stated
at the time that these documents would be published later. They are
accordingly published herein, together with a reprint of the publication
released on January 2. The present publication presents a record of
policies and acts by which the United States sought to promote conditions
of peace and world order and to meet the world-wide dangers resulting from
Japanese, German and Italian aggression. July 1, 1943
iii
[blank]
iv
CONTENTS
Page
I THE FATEFUL DECADE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II JAPANESE CONQUEST OF MANCHURIA 1931-1932 . . . . . . . . . . 4
Attack of September 18, 1931 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
"Non-Recognition" Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Ambassador Grew's Report on Japanese Military Spirit . . . . 6
Condemnation of Japanese Aggression . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 III DISARMAMENT DISCUSSIONS 1932-1934 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Statement of February 1932 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Proposal of May 16, 1933 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Statement of May 22, 1933 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Japanese Denunciation of Naval Treaty of 1922 . . . . . . . . 12 IV WARNINGS OF DANGER 1933-1935 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Secretary Hull's Conversation With the German Ambassador. . . 13
Consul General Messersmith's Report From Berlin . . . . . . . 13
President Roosevelt's Address of December 28, 1933 . . . . . 14
Acting Commercial Attaché Miller's Report on the Nazis . . . 15
Reported German-Japanese Entente . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Addresses by Secretary Hull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Relations With Japan-1934 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Defeat of Proposed Adherence to World Court . . . . . . . . . 21
Warnings February-June 1935 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Proposed Arms Embargo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Neutrality Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Montevideo Conference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
National Defense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 V ITALIAN CONQUEST OF ETHIOPIA 1935-1936 . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Italian Preparations for War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Outbreak of War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Secretary Hull's Conversation With the Italian Ambassador . . 32 VI DEVELOPING DANGERS 1936-1937 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Warnings by President Roosevelt and Secretary Hull . . . . . . 34
Civil Conflict in Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Addresses by President Roosevelt and Secretary Hull . . . . . 37
Japanese Expansion and Attitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
London Naval Conference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
German-Japanese Anti-Comintern Pact . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Inter-American Peace Conference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
National Defense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
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CONTENTS Page
VII JAPANESE ATTACK ON CHINA 1937 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
National Defense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Marco Polo Bridge Incident . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Secretary Hull's Statement of Principles . . . . . . . . . . 45
Offer of Good Offices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
President Roosevelt's "Quarantine" Address . . . . . . . . . 49
Brussels Conference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Panay Incident . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 VIII EUROPEAN CRISIS 1938 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
United States Rearmament . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
German Occupation of Austria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Secretary Hull's Address of March 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Increased Tension in Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Munich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Return of United States Ambassador From Germany . . . . . . . 60
Lima Conference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 IX EUROPEAN WAR 1939 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
United States Rearmament . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Invasion of Czechoslovakia and Albania . . . . . . . . . . . 63
President Roosevelt's Appeal to Hitler and Mussolini . . . . 64
Neutrality Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
August Crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Panama Conference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 X EUROPEAN WAR 1940 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
President Roosevelt's Address to Congress January 3 . . . . . 71
Visit of Under Secretary Welles to Europe . . . . . . . . . . 71
German Invasion of Denmark and Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Efforts To Keep Italy out of the War . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
German Invasion of the Low Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
United States Aid to Opponents of Force . . . . . . . . . . . 76
French Appeal to the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Fall of France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Monroe Doctrine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 XI DEFENSE MEASURES OF THE UNITED STATES 1940 . . . . . . . . . 80
President Roosevelt's Request for 50,000 Planes . . . . . . . 80
Secretary Hull's Address of June 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Habana Conference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
"We Cannot Pursue Complacently the Course of Our Customary
Normal Life" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Exchange of Destroyers for Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Treaty of Alliance Between Germany, Italy, and Japan . . . . 84
Secretary Hull's Address of October 26 . . . . . . . . . . . 85
President Roosevelt's "Arsenal of Democracy" Address . . . . 86
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CONTENTS Page
XII RELATIONS WITH JAPAN 1938-1940 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Principles of United States Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
"Moral Embargoes" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
United States Protest December 31, 1938 . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Notice of Termination of Commercial Treaty With Japan . . . . 90
Secretary Hull's Conversations With the Japanese Ambassador . 91
Status of Netherlands Indies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Instruction to Ambassador Grew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Temporary Closing of the Burma Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Report From Ambassador Grew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Japanese Penetration Into Indochina . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Restrictions on Exports to Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 XIII EUROPEAN WAR 1941 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
The Four Freedoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Lend-Lease Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Invasion of Greece and Yugoslavia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Greenland Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Secretary Hull's Address of April 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Unlimited National Emergency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Policy Toward France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
The Robin Moor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
German Attack on Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Agreement With Iceland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Atlantic Charter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Aid to Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Battle of the Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Revision of the Neutrality Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
"We Americans Have Cleared Our Decks and Taken Our Batt