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Chapter 7
Modal verbs
Entry Test
Unit 2 1. Correct any errors inserting either can/could or to be able to where
necessary.
1) I read when I was four years old, but I not write very well.
2) His writing was so bad that I not read his letter at first, but with an
effort I make out what he said.
3) We not afford to pay for our journey across Africa, but we make it in
the end because the bicycle firm lend us the money.
4) When he arrived in Africa, no one tell Stanley if Livingstone was alive
or dead, but after a long journey, we find him. 2. Rewrite the following sentences so that each sentence contains the modal
verb can.
5) It's hardly possible that he was puzzled by such a simple question.
6) I doubt that she was making notes of what he said.
7) It's hardly possible that he feels more dead than alive.
8) It's impossible that she is keeping to a milk diet.
9) I doubt that he has been cured of pneumonia so quickly.
10) Where is Silvia hiding? - I'm looking for her everywhere! Unit 3
3. Complete these sentences with modal verbs to express possibility or
uncertainty.
11) Where are you going for your holidays? - I haven't finally decided but
I...
12) What sort of car are you going to buy? - I'm not sure yet but I ...
13) I can't find Monica anywhere. I wonder where she is. - She ...
14) Why didn't Tom answer the doorbell? - I'm sure he was in the house at
the time. He ...
15) Is Jack in his office? - I'm not sure. He...
16) Look! Sue's going out. - I wonder where she is going. - She ... 4. Respond to the following questions. Express supposition implying
uncertainty.
17) Her eyes are red. What's the matter? (to cry)
18) Why is Ann absent? (to be interviewed)
19) He looks sick and tired. What's the matter? (to catch a cold)
20) Where is the nurse? (to give injections to the patients) 5. Insert may/might or can/could or to be able to.
21) I think, when I'm twenty-five, then I ... get control of money.
22) I wonder if I ... ask your advice.
23) It ... never be forgotten!
24) I wish he ... have a pony of his own.
25) If a letter comes for me ... you please forward it to this address.
26) I ... help laughing.
27) The police were suspicious at first but I ... convince them that we
were innocent.
28) The swimmer was very tired but he ... reach the shore before he
collapsed.
29) I don't think I ... drive you to the airport. Unit 4
6. Make the following sentences negative.
30) She must have been quite conscious of having made a mistake.
31) The telegram must have certainly come in time.
32) She must have been very careful. She didn't spill a drop of milk.
33) They must have given us the correct information about the road.
34) The students have passed the tests. They must have understood the
rules.
35) The dog must have recognised his master. It didn't bark as we
approached the house.
36) He must have been very experienced in sailing navigation. 7. Rewrite the following sentences using a modal verb to express strong
supposition.
37) Evidently, the doctor is still examining the patient.
38) Surely, she is preparing her report now.
39) I will not bother you any longer; no doubt, you are tired of my
talking.
40) Probably, Nancy has been given her impressions of England for an hour
already.
41) Evidently, they have been treating him for pneumonia for a month. 8. Translate from Russian into English.
42) ??, ?????? ????, ?? ?????? ???? ? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???.
43) ??, ????????, ? ?? ???????? ??? ???????, ????? ?? ?? ?? ????????, ???
??? ?????.
44) ???, ?????? ????, ????????. ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????.
45) ??-????????, ??? ???????, ??? ?? ????????????.
46) ? ????? ??? ?????. ?????? ????, ????? ?????? ??? ????.
47) ??? ???? ?????.
48) ? ??? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????.
49) ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????????. Unit 5
9. Rewrite these sentences so that each sentence contains the modal verb
need.
50) We had to stop at the frontier but we were not required to open our
cases.
51) It wasn't necessary to walk. He took us in his car.
52) My employer said, 'I shan't require your work tomorrow'.
53) Most people think that civil servants are not required to work very
hard.
54) Was it obligatory for us to vote? Unit 7
10. Answer these questions. Show that a planned action was not carried out
using the modal verb to be to.
55) Did they start on Saturday?
56) Did she wear that nice dress at the graduation party?
57) Did he join you in your trip?
58) Did they treat you to a ballet?
59) Did he take his child fishing?
60) Did she keep her birthday? Unit 8
11 Complete each gap using must, need or have to or their negative
contracted forms.
61) You ... take an umbrella. It isn't going to rain.
62) Don't lose your purse! You ... leave it in the bus.
63) Come on. We ... hurry. We ... be late.
64) We... make our own fun in the old days. There wasn't any television
there.
65) There is so much traffic now. You ... wait ages to cross the road.
66) This report isn't so important. You ... type the report today. Unit 9
12. Respond to the following remarks to criticise a past action.
67) The accident happened because Tom was driving on the wrong side of the
road.
68) He was not careful while crossing the road.
69) She didn't hire a taxi and missed her train.
70) She left her umbrella at home and was caught in the heavy rain. 13. Respond to the following remarks making the following statements
emotionally coloured.
71) You are to go to the dean's office to tell him all about your problems
in your group.
72) Why don't you go to the station to meet your friend?
73) Your friend is lagging behind the group. He needs your help.
74) Your friend misses lessons very often. You should talk to him to know
the reasons.
75) You have done a wrong thing. Now you feel sorry. Unit 10, 11
14. Put in shall, will or would. Open the brackets.
76) My grandfather always ... (get up) at half past five.
77) ...we (go) to the park? - That ... (be) nice.
78) I'm in terrible trouble. What ... I (do)?
79) We ... (not to be) here next September. It's hard to believe, isn't it?
80) I ... (not to listen to) to any more of this nonsense.
81) You ... (do) as I say!
82) My aunt loved writing letters. She ... (write) twenty or thirty a week. Units 2(11
15. Translate from Russian into English
83) ?????? ????, ??? ???????? ??? ?????.
84) ??? ?? ????????? ??????????? ????? ??????.
85) ???????? ??????! ??? ??????????? ?? ??? ???????????.
86) ? ????? ????? ? ?????? ??? ??????!?
87) ? ?? ???? ???? ?????!
88) ???????, ??? ? ??? ????????? ????? ????????????.
89) ??????? ???, ??? ?? ??????? ????, ?????????? ?? ??? ????, ???
?????????.
90) ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ????????!
91) ??????? ??? ??? ? ?? ???????? ??? ???????
92) ?? ????? ??, ?? ??????? ????, ?????????????? ? ???????!
93) ????????, ?? ??????, ??? ??? ??????? ????.
94) ? ??? ????????? ????????? ?????????.
95) ?? ? ???? ????????????, ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????!
96) ?? ????????! ????, ??? ??????!
97) ???, ????????, ??????? ? ???????? ?????.
98) ? ???????, ??? ? ???? ???? ???!
99) ?? ?????? ????????????? ?????????????? ??? ????? ?????????.
100) ???? ???? ? ???? ????????????? ? ????
Total: 100/____ Unit 1 Meaning and use 1. Modal verbs, or simply modals, express modality, i.e. the
speaker's attitude towards the action in the sentence. The area of meaning
referred to as modality is rather broad, and the degree of modality may be
strong or weak. Thus, modal verbs are used to express:
. necessity (must shows strong necessity; need shows weaker
necessity; to have to expresses necessity due to some
circumstances);
. possibility (can is used for strong possibility; may for weak
possibility);
. duty (should and ought to are used to talk about duty, but ought to
is stronger,) etc. Each modal verb may express a wide range of modality. Here is a quick
reference to the major meanings of the modal verbs dealt in this chapter:
. can /could express ability, possibility, uncertainty, doubt,
astonishment, permission, prohibition;
. may/ might express possibility, criticism, requests, permission,
hope;
. must is used to express obligation, necessity, prohibition,
supposition;
. need expresses obligation or absence of obligation;
. to have to expresses necessity;
. to be to is used for possibility, obligation, orders, and to
express things fated to happen;
. ought to and should express obligation, advice, deduction. Should
is also found in emphatic constructions and subordinate clauses;
. shall/ will/ would are used for requests, orders, offers, and to
describe characteristic habit, certainty or supposition. 2. Modal verbs have the following peculiarities in use:
- They are followed by the Infinitive (all types of the Infinitive
are possible) (See Ch. 8) without the particle to (with the
exception of ought to, have to, to be to; need may be used with and
without to): I must water the flowers tomorrow. They must have been
right. This work can be done at once. But: I have to work. She
ought to know that.
- They have no auxiliaries in questions, negatives, tags and short
answers: Can you swim? - No, I can't. Dorothy shouldn't be doing
that, should she?
- Many of them lack the ending "-s" in the Present Indefinite for the
third person singular: She may know her address. He can play the
piano. But: He needs to look his papers through. She has to work
hard.
- Only some modals ha