AQF 622-Aquaculture Production. Systems & Engineering.doc - RUFORUM

AQF 622: Aquaculture Production. Systems & Engineering Acknowledgements This course was authored by:
Dr Daniel Sikawa
Aquaculture Department
Bunda College of Agriculture
Email: danielsikawa@gmail.com The course was reviewed by:
Dr. Ndaniel Jamu
World fish Center, Zomba, Malawi
Email: D.Jamu@cgiar.org The following organisations have played an important role in facilitating
the creation of this course:
1. The Association of African Universities through funding from DFID
(http://aau.org/)
2. The Regional Universities Forum for Capacities in Agriculture,
Kampala, Uganda (http://ruforum.org/)
3. Bunda College of Agriculture, University of Malawi, Malawi
(http://www.bunda.luanar.mw/) These materials have been released under an open license: Creative Commons
Attribution 3.0 Unported License
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). This means that we
encourage you to copy, share and where necessary adapt the materials to
suite local contexts. However, we do reserve the right that all copies and
derivatives should acknowledge the original author. COURSE OUTLINE 1. PROGRAM : PhD in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science
2. COURSE TITLE : Aquaculture Production. Systems &
Engineering 3. COURSE CODE : AQF 622
4. YEAR : One
5. PRESENTED TO : Faculty of Environmental Sciences
6. PRESENTED BY : Aquaculture and Fisheries Science Department
7. LECTURE HOURS/WEEK: 2 x 1 hr (Semester 2)
8. PRACTICALS/TUTORIAL HOURS/WEEK: 1 x 2 hrs (Semester 2)
9. METHOD OF ASSESSMENT: Course Work 40%
End of Course Exam 60 %
10. AIM(S) OF STUDY
To enhance students' knowledge in advanced aquaculture production
systems and engineering that will enable them to design, construct,
operate and maintain agriculture facilities.
11. COURSE OBJECTIVES
By the end of the course, students should be able to: a) conduct detailed process description and performance testing of
different aquaculture systems/facilities in use worldwide;
b) evaluate the requirements for the various aquaculture
systems/facilities with
Construction experts.
12. TOPICS OF STUDY
1) Classification of aquaculture systems
2) Site Selection for Aquaculture
a. Water quality and quantity
b. Quality and survey of soils
c. Topographical survey
3) Designs and Construction of Ponds
a. Choice of pond types, dike designs and costs
b. Materials for pond construction
c. Preparation of the construction site
d. Choice of earth-moving methods
4) Water Supply Systems and Fluids
a. Properties of water
b. Water quantity and sources
c. Water quality and its improvement
d. Water flow and level instrumentation
e. Water distribution structures
f. Bringing water to fish ponds
g. Requirements, flow and storage of water
h. Control of water losses by seepage and evaporation
i. Fluid dynamics and statics
j. Liquid level sensing
k. Liquid flow measurements
5) Topographical Features for Aquaculture
a. conducting a topographical survey
b. Distance, angle, slope and height measurements
c. Direct leveling
6) Cage Designs, Construction and Cage Culture
a. Planning for cage culture
b. Cage designs and layout
c. Cage construction materials
d. Cage construction
e. Locating fish cages
f. Stocking of cages and their management
g. Cage culture (merits and demerits)
7) Tanks, Raceways, Net Pens: Construction and Fish Production
a. Designs of tanks
b. Materials for tank construction
c. Construction of tanks
d. Aquaculture in tanks
e. Maintenance of tanks
f. Designs of raceways
g. Materials for raceway construction
h. Construction of raceways
i. Aquaculture in raceways
j. Maintenance of raceways
k. Designs of net pens
l. Materials for net pen construction
m. Construction of net pens
n. Aquaculture in net pens
o. Maintenance of net pens
8) Filtration of Water in Aquaculture
a. Mechanical filters
b. Gravitational separation
c. Chemical filters
d. Biological filters
e. Denitrification filters
f. Plant filters
g. Maintenance of filters
9) Water Pumps
a. Centrifugal pumps
b. Rotary pumps
c. Types and operation
d. Reciprocating pumps
e. Types and operation
f. Airlift pumps
g. Pump selection for aquaculture
h. Fitting a pump to the system
i. Power sources for pumps
j. Maintenance of pumps
10) Aeration and Pure Oxygen Systems
a. Diurnal changes of dissolved oxygen content of pond water
b. Oxygen consumption by pond water
c. Aeration devices for fish ponds
d. Aerators used for pure oxygen systems
e. Mass Transfer Processes of Aerators
a. Degassing systems
11) Recirculation aquaculture systems
a. Design of re-circulating aquaculture systems
b. Design of oxygen Supply
c. Water flow to satisfy oxygen requirements of the fish
d. Design for Ammonia Removal PRACTICAL TOPICS
a) Estimation of variables in a water budget equation
b) Estimation of flow rates in open channels and pipes
c) Performance testing of aerators and biofilters
d) Field trip to an intensive/commercial aquaculture farm
13. PRESCRIBED TEXTS
Cowx, I.G. (1992). Aquaculture Development in Africa. Training and
Reference Manual for Aquaculture Extensionists. London.
Lawson, T. B. (1995). Fundamentals of Aquaculture Engineering. Chapman
and Hall, London.
Yoo, K. H. and Boyde, C. E. (1994). Hydrology and Water Supply for
Pond
Aquaculture. Chapman and Hall, London.
14. RECOMMENDED READINGS Beveridge, M. (1990). Cage Aquaculture. Fishing News Books, Surrey.
Egna, H. S. and Boyd, C. E. (Eds). (1997). Dynamics of Pond
Aquaculture. CRC Press New York.
Lee, J. H. W., Y. K. Cheung, and P.P. S. Wong (1991).Forecasting of
dissolved oxygen in marine fish culture zone. Journal of Environmental
Engineering. 117 (6): 816-833. Losordo, T.M., Masser, M. P. and Rakocy, J. E. (1998). Recirculating
Aquaculture Tank Production Systems. An Overview of Critical
Considerations SRAC Publication No. 451 Losordo, T.M., Masser, M. P. and Rakocy, J. E. (1999). Recirculating
Aquaculture Tank Production Systems. A Review of Component Options.
SRAC Publication No. 453
Piedrahita, R. H. (1984). Development of a computer model of the
aquaculture pond ecosystem. Ph.D dissertation. University of
California, Davis, California. 162 pp.
Santos Neto, C.D. and Piedrahita. R.H. (1994). Stochastic modeling of
temperature in stratified aquaculture ponds. CRSP report, work plan 7,
study 2.
Stickney, R.R. (1994). Principles of Aquaculture. John Wiley & Sons,
Inc.
Thomas, B. L. (1995). Fundamentals of Aquaculture Engineering. Chapman
& Hall, New York.
Upadhyay, A.S.(1994). Handbook on Design, Construction and Equipments
in Coastal Aquaculture (Shrimp Farming).Allied Publishers, Bombay.
Wheaton, F. W. (1987). Aquacultural Engineering. John Wiley and Sons,
New York.
Topic 1: Classification of aquaculture production systems.
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this topic the learners should be able to:
. Classify aquaculture production systems Key Terms
Brackish water, coastal, culture facility, inland, integrated,
intensification, salinity
Introduction to Topic
Aquaculture production systems are diverse and therefore difficult to
classify. One of the classification schemes is based on production and
value of the major categories of the systems. The primary criterion used in
the classification schema is salinity i.e., inland and coastal systems. 1. Classification based on salinity Salinity may be defined simply as the salt content of water and is
expressed as parts/thousand or ?. Inland culture Extensive and semi-intensive culture
Production is dominated by semi-intensive rather than extensive or
intensive systems. Most production is from ponds, less from rice fields and
cages,and very little from raceways and recirculating systems. Inland
aquaculture is dominated by small-scale farmers and is environmentally
compatible as it is integrated into their farms. About 95% of cultured
inland finfish are non-carnivorous species. About 90% of production is
carps with tilapias a distant second in terms of production. Intensive culture
The major species cultured is Japanese eel, over 200,000 tonnes, of which
80% is farmed in China. Second is probably Clarias catfish with Thailand
producing over 50,000 tonnes. Third is a relative newcomer, Mandarin fish
(Siniperca chuatsi) with almost 70,000 tonnes farmed in China. Thailand is
a major producer of carnivorous fish (walking catfish and snakehead in
ponds) because of availability of feed : trash fish from trawlers,
slaughter house waste from processing feedlot livestock. Brackish water occurs in estuaries.
An estuary may be defined simply as a place where a river runs into the
sea.
Salinity in estuaries fluctuates :
. diurnally (daily) or semi-diurnally (twice daily) due to tides
. seasonally due to climate, especially monsoons because of heavy
rainfall which in