Lesson 1. The Verb Phrase: Verbs in English - Mr Cristoful's Falevi ...

Table of Contents


Lesson 1. The Verb Phrase: Verbs in English 3


The Base Form 3

Past and Present Forms 3

Exercise 4

The infinitive form 4

More Verb Forms: -ing and -ed 6

USES OF THE _ING FORM 6

Exercise 7

Finite and non-finite verbs 8

Answer the questions: 8

Lesson 2. The Verb Phrase: Auxiliary Verb Types in English 9


Auxiliary Verbs 9

Ellipsis 10

Enclisis 10

Answer the questions 11

Lesson 3. English Verb Tenses 12


Present Tenses 12
1. Present Simple 12
2. Present Continuous 12

The future 12
1. Present Continuous 12
2. Going to 12
3. Present Simple 12
4. Will 13
5. Future Continuous 13
6. Future Perfect 13
7. Future Perfect Continuous 13

Past Tenses 13
1. Past Simple 13
2. Used to and Would 13
3. Past Continuous 13

Perfect Tenses 14
1. Present Perfect Simple 14
2. Past Perfect 14

Lesson 4. The Verb Phrase: Spanish Verb Forms. Stem Changes. 15


. Shortened stems: 15

. Consonant substitution: 15

. Additional stem extensions: 15

. Additional stem-vowel changes: 15

. Stem vowel change with /we/ substituted for /o/: 16

. Stems with consonant and vowel change: 16

. Stems with shortening and vowel change: 16

. Stem lengthening by insertion of /je/: 16

. Consonant and vowel change with /we/ substituted for /o/: 16

. Totally replaced stems: 16

Answer the questions 16

Lesson 5. The Auxiliary Constituents of the Verb Phrase 19


The Spanish Auxiliary 19

a. The Primary Modifications 19

b. The Secondary Modifications 20

Lesson 6. The Auxiliary Constituents of the Verb Phrase II 23


The English Auxiliary 23

Contingency-Permission (may/might) 23

Potentiality (can/could) 24

Obligation - advisability (should/must/have to) 25

Willingness, likehood and certainty (will/would) 25

Lesson 7. Other Constituents of the Verb Phrase 27


Ser & Estar 27

Non-verbal constituents of the verb phrase 28

Revision quiz on Verb Phrase 28

Exercise 29

Homework 31


Index 33


Sources 33




Day 1 Revision Exercises
Answer
1. What's Morphology?
_______________________________________________________
2. What's Syntax?
_______________________________________________________

Work in pairs or trios.

I. Exemplify: provide examples of:
a. Diminutives in both English and Spanish
b. Augmentatives in both English and Spanish
c. Enclisis
d. Compounding
e. Items in Spanish that, though they exist, are not the usual
semantic equivalents of English. Then do the opposite with English.


II. Translate the following:
. Si hubiese sabido que vendrías, no hubiera preparado la merienda
____________________________________________________________________
__
. Vino, se cambió y se fue
____________________________________________________________________
__
. Flotaba en las nubes cuando su profesora le despertó
____________________________________________________________________
__
. Si tuviese dinero, compraría una casa y me iría a vivir allá
____________________________________________________________________
__
. Llevaré el almuerzo al cuarto 432, donde están haciendo una fiesta
____________________________________________________________________
__
. She would have been here
____________________________________________________________________
__
. They left the room as soon as they found the key
____________________________________________________________________
__
. The newlyweds walked along the veranda, kissed and stumbled
____________________________________________________________________
__
. I usually walk 1 km a day, if I walked 2 km a day, by the time I'd
reached the supermarket I
would have lost 100 grams!
____________________________________________________________________
__


III. Read the statements carefully. Do you think they are True or False?
Give your opinion.

|1 |T F |An English-speaking student studying Spanish will not be accustomed to |
| | |the expression of person-number categories with the verb. |
|2 |T F |The Spanish system is simple and clear, and not a problem to explain; |
| | |but to internalize the system is a serious problem for the student. |
|3 |T F |Both English and Spanish are made up of stem and affixes |
|4 |T F |Both English and Spanish have stem changes in irregular verbs |
|5 |T F |Both English and Spanish have regular and irregular patterns of |
| | |conjugation with a large majority of regular verbs. |
|6 |T F |An example of a Stem with shortening and vowel change in Spanish would |
| | |be: Saber = supe |
|7 |T F |Primary modifications of verbs in Spanish are ASPECT and TENSE. |
|8 |T F |The quality of Aspect in Spanish could be divided into initiative |
| | |aspect, terminative aspect & imperfective aspect. |
|9 |T F |In Spanish, the initiative and the terminative aspects are only one: |
| | |the PERFECTIVE aspect. |
|10 |T F |In English, as in Spanish, the auxiliary is the vehicle of the tense |
| | |system. |
|11 |T F |The Spanish auxiliary carries a primary modification of aspect-tense |
| | |and a series of three secondary modifications. |
|12 |T F |The English auxiliary does NOT have any aspect distinction. |
|13 |T F |The English tense system is based upon the fundamental dichotomy |
| | |between PAST and NON-PAST. |
|14 |T F |English verbs have seven modifications. |
|15 |T F |When the Spanish verb "ser" occurs with a temporal adverb, the subject |
| | |of "ser" refers to an event. |
|16 |T F |In the sentence "El desayuno era a las nueve", desayuno refers to an |
| | |event |
|17 |T F |In the sentence "El desayuno estaba en el comedor", desayuno refers to |
| | |food |
|18 |T F |"Jacinta es bonita" and "Jacinta está bonita" convey different meanings|
|19 |T F |ser and estar are not in complementary distribution |
|20 |T F |Podía hacerlo vs. pude hacerlo mean the same |
|21 |T F |The full verb phrase always includes a verbal constituent |
|22 |T F |A very important function of the noun phrase in a full verb phrase is |
| | |that of direct object. |
|23 |T F |the use of the preposition "a" in Spanish, called the "personal a" is |
| | |used for personifications: |
|24 |T F |A single Spanish sentence can cause different English translations |
|25 |T F |The use of "personal a" in Spanish expresses possession. |


IV. Tree Diagrams: Embedded sentences


Embedded sentences are the ones that are subordinated to the main
sentence. In the sentence: "This is the house that Jack built", the
phrase "this is the house" is the main sentence because it is already
a full sentence. The phrase "that Jack built" adds extra information
to the sentence, and it is introduced by the complementizer "that".
This is therefore, the embedded sentence.


How to analyze embedded sentences
1º Distinguish the embedded sentence from the main one
2º Is the embedded sentence located in the NP or in the VP?
3º Analyze the main sentence as usual. Leave the embedded one for the
last
4º Analyze the embedded sentence named as S'
5º Normally, S' = complementizer + new sentence, so, you might want to
write S' = comp + S
6º Analyze the new sentence as usual
7º Practice doing your textbook's embedded sentence tree diagrams


V. Taxonomy: put the lexical items into their corresponding category:
|Would |some |Never |
|Te |aquella |No |
|sin |Ti |Mi |


VI. Draw tree diagrams for the following sentences:
. "Elvira said that Elena would bring some food"
. "Ti ricorderò di quella stella che non
muore mai"
[you remind (fut) of that star that no dies never]
[I'll remind you of that star that never dies]
. "Nació mi destino que morirá sin ti"

Task for the whole module: Read your textbook An Introduction to
Language. Chapter 4.
In this module we will focus on the verb phrase and its constituents in
both, English and Spanish

Lesson 1. The Verb Phrase: Verbs in English


A verb is a word that describes an action or a state of being. The word
verb is from the Latin verbum, meaning "word"--short, one may suppose, for
"action word." Verbs have many subcategories in all languages. A transitive
verb normally requires an object noun phrase: for example, hit [the ball],
or vacate [the house]. An intransitive verb (arrive, for example) does not
allow an object noun phrase. A copular verb such as be, seem, or appear
links the subject to some ot