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Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) Heavy-duty Inter-laboratory
Correlation Exercise (ILCE_HD) Final Report Jon Andersson, Athanasios Mamakos, Giorgio Martini Barouch Giechaskiel,
Massimo Carriero, Giorgio Martini
January 2010
Contents 1. INTRODUCTION 10
2. OBJECTIVES 11
3. NATURE AND SCOPE OF THE ILCE_HD 11
3.1 Background to the PMP 11
3.2 PMP Phase 3 Inter-laboratory Exercise for Light-duty Vehicles 11
3.3 Brief Overview of the Inter-laboratory Correlation Exercises for
Heavy-duty Engines 13
3.4 Test Engine and Emissions Control System 14
3.4.1 CRT: Pt-based Oxidation Catalyst and Wall-flow DPF 15
3.5 Fuel and Lubricant 16
3.6 Gaseous Emissions Measurement Systems 16
3.7 Dilution Approaches 17
3.7.1 Principles of the Dilution Systems 17
3.8 Particulate Mass Measurements 20
3.8.1 Full Flow Measurements 20
3.8.2 Partial flow Measurements 21
3.9 Particle Number Measurement Systems 22
3.9.1 Principles of the Measurement System 22
3.9.2 Golden Particle Measurement Systems 22
3.9.3 Other PMP type systems 24
3.9.4 PMP like systems: 24
3.9.5 Additional Instrumentation 25
3.10 Test Programme 25
3.10.1 Participating Laboratories 25
3.10.2 Summary of Preliminary Experiments 26
3.10.3 Daily Protocol 34
4. STATISTICAL ANALYSES 35
4.1 Definitions 35
4.1.1 Basic statistical concepts 35
4.1.2 Intra- And Inter-Laboratory Variance Estimators 36
4.1.3 Statistical outliers 36
5. CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION 38
5.1 Mass systems 38
5.2 Number systems 38
5.2.1 SPCS Calibration 39
5.2.2 3010D Calibration 44
5.2.3 Validation Exercises 44
6. EMISSIONS RESULTS 45
6.1 Full Flow and Partial Flow PM 45
6.1.1 PM - Repeatability 45
6.1.2 PM - Reproducibility 47
6.1.3 PM - Filter Weights, Background Levels and Background
Subtraction 48
6.1.4 PM - Emissions Levels 51
6.1.5 PM - Daily Trends 56
6.1.6 Overview of PM Results 57
6.2 Full Flow and Partial Flow PN 57
6.2.1 PN - Tunnel background Levels 57
6.2.2 PN - Repeatability 59
6.2.3 PN - Reproducibility 67
6.2.4 PN - Emissions Levels 68
6.3 Gaseous Emissions 75
6.3.1 General Observations 75
6.3.2 Inter-Laboratory Variability 75
6.4 Long-Term Trends in Engine Operation Error! Bookmark not defined.
6.4.1 Regulated Gases Error! Bookmark not defined.
6.4.2 Particle Number Emissions Error! Bookmark not defined.
7. ADDITIONAL TESTWORK OVERVIEW Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.1 Mass Contributed by EC and by Particles Error! Bookmark not
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7.2 Further Filter Media Evaluations Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.3 Particle Number Measurements from PFDS at Constant Dilution Factors
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8. COMPARISONS OF MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS Error! Bookmark not defined.
8.1 Comparison of Particle Number Measurements from CVS and PFDS Error!
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8.2 Comparison of Particulate Mass Systems Error! Bookmark not defined.
8.3 Mass vs. Number full flow Error! Bookmark not defined.
8.4 Mass Vs. Number Partial Flow Error! Bookmark not defined.
8.5 Comparisons of PMP type and PMP like systems Error! Bookmark not
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8.5.1 PMP type and PMP- Like Systems Error! Bookmark not defined.
8.5.2 Particle Losses Error! Bookmark not defined.
8.6 Results from Golden Engine equipped with DPF Error! Bookmark not
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8.6.1 PMP type systems Error! Bookmark not defined.
8.6.2 PMP like systems Error! Bookmark not defined.
8.7 Engine out and open flow emission levels Error! Bookmark not
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8.8 Gaseous Emissions Error! Bookmark not defined.
9. DISCUSSION AND OVERVIEW Error! Bookmark not defined.
9.1 Particulate Measurements Error! Bookmark not defined.
9.1.1 Validation Exercises Error! Bookmark not defined.
9.1.2 Tunnel Background Mass Levels - CVS Error! Bookmark not
defined.
9.1.3 Tunnel Background Mass Levels - PFDS Error! Bookmark not
defined.
9.1.4 Emissions Levels Error! Bookmark not defined.
9.1.5 Tunnel Background Subtraction Error! Bookmark not defined.
9.1.6 Partial Flow or Full Dilution Error! Bookmark not defined.
9.2 Particle Number Measurements Error! Bookmark not defined.
9.2.1 Golden Systems - PCRF Correction Error! Bookmark not defined.
9.2.2 Particle Number Tunnel backgrounds Error! Bookmark not
defined.
9.2.3 Real-time Particle Emissions Elevated at Cold Start Error!
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9.2.4 PN Emissions Levels Compared with Backgrounds Error!
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9.2.5 PN Emissions levels Error! Bookmark not defined.
9.3 Simultaneous Particle Number and Particulate Mass Measurements
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9.3.1 Required Corrections Error! Bookmark not defined.
9.4 Repeatability and Reproducibility Error! Bookmark not defined.
9.4.1 PM and PN - Repeatability Error! Bookmark not defined.
9.4.2 PM and PN - Reproducibility Error! Bookmark not defined.
9.4.3 Repeatability and Reproducibility Overview Error! Bookmark not
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9.5 Elemental carbon and non-volatile particle contributions to PM
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9.6 Filter Media Effects Error! Bookmark not defined.
9.7 Other PMP type / like Systems Error! Bookmark not defined.
9.8 Should Solid Particles