Lab Resource Guide (1938.0K) - McGraw Hill Higher Education

Mader: Biology 11/e Lab Resource Guide Part I The Cell
1 Scientific Method
2 Metric Measurement and Microscopy
3 Chemical Composition of Cells
4 Cell Structure and Function
5 How Enzymes Function
6 Photosynthesis
7 Cellular Respiration
Part II The Genetic Basis of Life
8 Mitosis and Meiosis
9 Mendelian Genetics
10 Human Genetics
11 DNA Biology and Technology
12 Evidences of Evolution
13 Natural Selection
Part III Microbiology and Evolution
14 Bacteria and Protists
15 Fungi
Part IV Plant Evolution and Biology
16 Nonvascular Plants and Seedless Vascular Plants
17 Seed Plants
18 Organization of Flowering Plants
19 Water Absorption and Transport in Plants
20 Control of Plant Growth and Responses
21 Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Part VAnimal Evolution and Diversity
22 Introduction to Invertebrates
23 Invertebrate Coelomates
24 The Vertebrates
Part VI Comparative Animal Biology
25 Animal Organization
26 Basic Mammalian Anatomy I
27 Basic Mammalian Anatomy II
28 Chemical Aspects of Digestion
29 Homeostasis
30 Nervous System and Senses
31 Musculoskeletal System
32 Animal Development
Part VII Ecology
33 Sampling Ecosystems
34 Effects of Pollution on Ecosystems Laboratory 1 Scientific Method
(LM pages 1-8)
Eleventh Edition Changes
This lab has been much improved in a number of ways. In Section 1.1,
examples are provided for each step of the scientific method and in Section
1.3 and 1.4, students use plus and minus signs to hypothesize and then
record a pillbug's reaction to test substances. Table 1.4 has an improved
design for collecting class data. A virtual lab, described on page 2,
concerns mealworm behavior and can be used as an addition to or replace
Sections 1.3 and 1.4. New/Revised Figures: 1.1 Pillbugs on leaf
New/Revised Tables: 1.1 Pillbug Speed; 1.2 Hypotheses About Pillbug's
Response to Potential Foods; 1.3 Pillbug's Response to Potential Foods; 1.4
Class Results MATERIALS AND PREPARATIONS
Instructions are grouped by procedure. Some materials may be used in more
than one procedure. Special Requirements
Living material. Live pillbugs, Armadillidium vulgare, for all
sections of lab. Earthworm alternative. See appendix below if you
wish to use earthworms instead of pillbugs in all sections of lab.
Fresh material. Substances for instructor to feed pillbugs and
substances for students to test pillbug behavior (see Section 1.4 below). 1.2 Observing the Pillbug (LM pages 4-5)
_____ pillbugs, Armadillidium vulgare, live (Carolina 14-3082)
_____ pen, white (or correction fluid, white) or tape tags
_____ magnifying lenses or stereomicroscopes
_____ small glass or plastic dishes, such as disposable petri dishes
_____ graduated cylinders or small beakers for observing pillbug
movement
_____ rulers, metric, 30 cm plastic
_____ stopwatch Live pillbugs (LM pages 1-7). Obtain 50 pillbugs for a class of 20 to 35 or
more students. Order pillbugs so that they arrive as close as possible to
the date they will be needed. Use one container of fresh pillbugs for each
lab.
Care and feeding of pillbugs: Follow care and feeding instructions
provided with the pillbug order. Withdraw food 1-2 days prior to the
experiment.
Use white correction fluid or tape tabs to number the pillbugs for
identification. Collecting pillbugs (LM pages 1-7). Pillbugs like moisture, and avoid
sunlight. They can be found next to brick buildings along the grass line or
next to sidewalks, or under logs and planks of wood. They are attracted to
wet grass covered with a cardboard box or plastic tarp. Encourage students
to collect their own pillbugs and give them lab participation points.
Collect pillbugs in the spring, summer, and fall as they are hard to find
in the winter. Maintaining pillbugs in the lab (LM pages 1-7). After collecting, pillbugs
can be easily maintained in a terrarium to keep a fresh supply all year
long. They feed primarily on decaying organic matter; they like moisture
and avoid sunlight. They like carrots and cucumbers. Change the food daily
to prevent mold growth.
1.3 Formulating Hypotheses (LM page 6)
1.4 Performing the Experiment and Coming to a Conclusion (LM pages 6-7)
_____ pillbugs, Armadillidium vulgare, live (Carolina 14-3082)
_____ small beakers, 35-mm film cans, watch glasses, or small petri
dishes for distributing test substances
_____ petri dishes, preferably 150 mm (or else 100 mm) for testing
the pillbugs
_____ small plastic bottle for spritzing
_____ distilled water
_____ cotton balls
Suggested test substances:
_____ flour
_____ cornstarch or bran flakes
_____ coffee creamer
_____ baking soda
_____ fine sand (control)
_____ milk
_____ orange juice or apple juice
_____ ketchup
_____ applesauce
_____ carbonated beverage
_____ water (control) Do not use salt, vinegar, or honey, as these substances are harmful to
pillbugs.
Plain water is used as a control for liquids. Fine sand is used as a
control for powders. Experimental design (LM pages 6-7). These methods are recommended: For a
dry substance, make a circle of the test substance in a petri dish and put
the pillbug in the center of the circle. For a liquid, put a cotton ball
soaked with the test substance in the pillbug's path. Rinse pillbugs
between testing procedures by spritzing with distilled water and then
placing them on a paper towel to dry. Cleanup (LM pages 6-7). Cleanup is easier and the experiment goes well if
there is a limited number of test substances and each student chooses only
two dry and two liquid test substances. Substances can be distributed to
several stations in small beakers, 35-mm film cans, watch glasses, or small
petri dishes. Testing pillbugs in 150 mm petri dishes works well.
EXERCISE QUESTIONS
1.1 Using the Scientific Method (LM pages 2-3)
Why does the scientific method begin with observations? To study the
natural world, scientists have to observe natural phenomena.
What is the benefit of formulating a hypothesis? The hypothesis tells
what is to be tested by experiment or further observations.
Why must a scientist keep complete records of an experiment? So others
can repeat the experiment and can check that the data are valid.
What is the purpose of the conclusion? The conclusion tells what has
been learned from the experiment (or further observations).
How is a scientific theory different from a conclusion? Each experiment
has a conclusion. A scientific theory is based on many conclusions from
various experiments in related fields.
1.2 Observing the Pillbug (LM pages 3-5)
Observation: Pillbug's External Anatomy (LM pages 3-4)
1. Examine the exterior of a pillbug.
. How can you recognize the head END of a pillbug? The head bears
antennae and eyes.
. How many segments and pair of walking legs are in the thorax? There
are 7 segments and 7 pairs of legs.
Observation: Pillbug's Motion (LM page 5)
1. Watch a pillbug's underside.
a. Describe the action of the feet and any other motion you see.
The seven pairs of legs move with the front pair leading, and each pair
moves in succession thereafter.
b. Allow a pillbug to crawl on your hand. Describe how it feels. It
tickles the skin as it moves.
c. Does a pillbug have the ability to move directly forward? yes
d. Do you see evidence of mouthparts on the underside of the pillbug?
A pillbug has four pairs of mouthparts.
2. As you watch the pillbug, identify
a. the anatomical parts that allow a pillbug to identify and take in
food. Antennae, eyes, and mouthparts
b. behaviors that will allow a pillbug to acquire food. For example,
is the ability of a pillbug to move directly forward a help in acquiring
food? Explain. Yes because it is the most efficient way to reach food.
What other behaviors allow a pillbug to acquire food? A pillbug has the
ability to eat food.
c. a behavior that helps a pillbug avoid dangerous situations The
pillbug rolls into a ball when it is threatened.
3. Measure the speed of three pillbugs. See Table 1.1 Pillbug Speed Table 1.1 Pillbug Speed*
Pillbug Millimeters Time Speed
Traveled (mm) (sec) (mm/sec)
1 71 30 2.36
2 132 60 2.20
3 64 30 2.13
Average speed 2.23 mm/sec
*Answers will vary. The answers provided here are examples. 1.3 Formulating Hypotheses (LM page 6)
2. Hypothesize in Table 1.2 how you expect the pillbug to respond, and
offer an explanation for your reasoning. The following is an example of
three possible student hypotheses regarding flour. Students uses "0" for no
response, "-" for moves away from the substance and "+" for moving toward
the substance and eating it. Table 1.2 Hypotheses About Pillbug's Response to Potential Foods
Substance Hypothesis Reason for Hypothesis
Flour 0 Flour is a bland substance.
Flour - Flour is a dry substance.
Flour + Flour is a food substance. 1.4 Performing the Experiment and Coming to a Conclusion (LM pages 6-7)
Experimental Procedure: Pillbug's Response to Potential Foods (LM pages 6-
7)
5. Do your results support your hypotheses? Table 1.3 Pillbug's Response to Potential Foods
Substance P